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Tuesday, January 18, 2011

Sizaang paunak pawlkhat

1. Datham hamphat,
A dathaam hangin nasep aam a, zuul vawt,

2. Dei zeam, beal kok nei,
A dei mama manin, naa heang zo.

3. Du le phaak ki-im maw,
An du na le phaak nat na ki-im thei ngawl,

4. Du hop ki buak leet,
A du hop man in, sup law zaw.

5. Du omh na le ngaih omh na,
Ih du ih dei om na ki theng la ngawl.

6. Eak tee topha bang,
Ci na law na he nawn ngawl.

7. Hakai pataak lung in ne,
Na khat papo ih phat son leih ciang, mualsuak zo ngawl thei zaw.

8. Hamphat lai law,
Muan mawk ngawl bul in, hamphat na khat nga eh thei.

9. Beal tumh suang sa, ki ngawm maw,
Baang kua khat sungah, thu nei 2 om sak ngawl tu.

10.Bui phak kuan tawp,
Na sepna ah ih ma tut kuanciang tawl nga.

Simsuak nuam lai leh...

Saturday, January 15, 2011

A Kizangh Den Zolai Malgualh Dan Kamkupna

Gelhtu: Taang Zomi
1. Sia Peter Khampu in, Zolai kip na’ng le picin’ na’ng deihna le deihsakna tawh, dotna hong khahkhia hi. Kuamah in dawng lo ahih manin, hih thu pen thupi kisa lo maw, a’ihke’h kimanlah lua maw, a’ihke’h kithei khol lo maw, cih, khat teeiteei hi leh kilawm hi.
2. Tu naai-a Sia Khampu’ lai gelh khat sung-a kammal (word) khat tawh kisai zong, hun ka ngah teh k’ong gelh nuam hi. (Tua kammal “peelhem” hong gelh man-in, ama tung-ah ka lungdam hi.)



3. A masa-in, “@” thu gen ni.
Hih “@” sign pen Shift - 2 khen leeng kingah hi. [Keyboard tung-a Shift key meek ding, khah nai lo-in keyboard tung mah-a om numeral “2” key meek ding.]
“@” pen English-ah “at” /æt; unstressed ət, ɪt/ ahi hi. “At sign” kici hi.
(1) “@” pen “ah” cihna hi-a mun, omna (place; location) lak hi.

Gentehna:
TaangZomi@gmail.com [Gmail.com mun-a om Taang Zomi; Google.com-ah Taang Zomi om hi, cihna hi.]; Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham @ Kawlpi [Kawlpi khua-a om Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham; Kawlpi khua-ah Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham om hi, cihna hi.]
(2) “@” pen “at the rate of” cihna hi-a, van (na) pen, khat teh bangzah man hiam, cih lahna-in kizangh hi.

Gentehna:
3 viss of\chicken @ K. 6,000/viss [Three viss of chicken at K. 6,000 per viss = K. 18,000 for three viss; Aksa tawi 3, tawi khat teh K. 6,000 = tawi 3 teh, K. 18,000]
(3) “@” pen “or” (“a’ihke’h”) cihna hi lo hi.
(4) Tua ahih man-in, “Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham @ Peter Khampu” pen maan lo hi.
Tu hun ciangin, Zomite’ yahoogroup-te le googlegroup-te-ah, “@” pen “or” (“a’ihke’h”) taangin, mi tampi in zangh hi. Hih pen maan lo hi.
4. “alias” /ˈeɪlliəəs/
Hih “alias” pen mi khat ii “min dang” a’ihke’h “min seel” ahi hi. A tom-in. “(a)” ci-in kigelh thei hi.
Gentehna:
Takin Tg. Aung San (alias) Bo Tg. Teza, Thakin Tg. Shu Maung (a) Bo Tg. Ne Win, Thakin Tg. Hla Pe (a) Bo Tg. Let-ya, Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham (a) Tg. Peter Khampu
“@” hi lo-in “(a)” ahi hi.
5. “( )” (Curved Brackets /kɜrvd ˈbrækɪts/)
(1) Minpi le minno gelhna-ah,
Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham (Tg. Peter Khampu)
ci-in kigelh leh, maan hi.
(2) Tua bangmah-in. minno le minpi gelhna-ah,
Tg. Peter Khampu (Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham)
ci-in kigelh leh, maan hi.
(3). Mi khat’ thu a kitaangko ciangin, a si khinsa a zi’ min pen brackets sung-ah kikoih bhi.
Pu Tg. Lian Za Thang (Pi Lia Niang Za Man)
(4) Mi khat’ thu a kitaangko ciangin, a si khinsa a pasal’ min pen brackets sung-ah kikoih hi.
Pi Lia Niang Za Man (Pu Tg. Lian Za Thang)
(5) Khat veivei, simmal khenna-in kizangh hi.
Phone number: (770) 875-2174
6. “/” (Oblique Stroke /əˈblik, oʊˈblik stroʊk/ or Forward Slash /ˈfɔrwwərd slæʃ/) thu gen ni.
(1) “/” pen “or” cihna hi.
Gentehna:
The British/French System.
The British System or the French System;
British System a’ihke’h French System. Khat zawzaw. A nih hi lo.
(2) “/” pen “and” cihna hi.

Gentehna:
Phonological/Morphological Arrangement
The Phonological Arrangement and the Morphological Arrangement;
The Phonological Arrangement & the Morphological Arrangement
Phonological Arrangement le Morphological Arrangement;
Phonological Arrangement & Morphological Arrangement
(3) “/” pen “versus” /ˈvɜrsəs, ˈvɜrsəz/ (kilangpang, kidem, kido) cihna hi.

Gentehna: The Democratic/Dictatorial Form of Government
The Democratic Form of Government versus the Dictatorial Form of Government
The Democratic Form of Government vs. the Dictatorial Form of Government
The Democratic Form of Government v. the Dictatorial Form of Government
(4) “/” pen tomlaakna pawlkhat-ah kizangh hi.
(a) care of = c/o
Gentehna:
Tg. Lian Za Thang
c/o Tg. Peter Dai Suan Kham
Kawlpi, Zogam
(b) father of = f/o
Gentehna:
Major General Tg. Aung San, f/o Lia Aung San Suu Kyi
(c) mother of = m/o

Gentehna:
Lia Khin Kyi, m/o Lia Aung San Suu Kyi
(d) son of = s/o

Gentehna:
Tg. Aung San, s/o Tg. Pha and Lia Suu
(e) daughter of = d/o

Gentehna:

Lia Aung San Suu Kyi, d/o Tg. Aung San and Lia Khin Kyi
(f) office copy = o/c

Gentehna:
Copies to:
(a) Zomi National Congress, Yangon
(b) World Zomi Congress, Portland, OR
(c) Leitungbup Zomi Innkuan, Tulsa, OK
(d) o/c

(5) “/” pen simmal (numeral) khenna-in kizangh hi.

Gentehna:
Phone Number: 770/875-2174
Date: 1/12/2011 (January 12, 2011) [American System]
Date: 12/1/2011 (January 12, 2011) [ British System]
(6) “/” pen, khat ciangin bangzah, cih lahna-in kizangh hi.

Gentehna:
K. 6,000/viss = K. 6,000 per viss [Tawi khat teh K. 6,000 man]
55 miles/hour = 55 miles per hour [Nai khat-in tai 55]
7. “-” (Hyphen /ˈhaɪffən/), “–“ (En-dash /ɛn dæʃ/), le “—“ (Em-dash /ɛm dæʃ/ ) thu gen ni.
(1) “-” (Hyphen) pen keyboard tung-ah, “o” (zero) le “=” (equal sign) kikaal-ah om hi. Keyboard-ah “Alt” key meek-in. khah nai lo-in, keypad (keyboard ii taklam-ah om)-ah 0045 meek lecin zong, kingah hi.
(a) “-” (Hyphen) pen simmal (numeral) khenna (separation)-in kizangh hi.

Gentehna:

Phone number: 770-875-2174
Date: 1-12-2011 (January 12, 2011) [American System]
Date: 12-1-2011 (January 12, 2011) [British System]
(b) Mi khat’ thu a kitaangko ciangin, ama’ min le a zi’ min kikaal-ah “-” (Hyphen) kikoih hi.
Gentehna:
Tg. Lian Za Thang – Lia Niang Za Man
(c) Mi kihat’ thu a kitaangko ciangin, ama’ min le a pasal’ min kikaal-ah “-” (Hyphen) kikoih hi.

Gentehna: Lia Niang Za Man - Tg. Lian Za Thang
(2) “–“ (En-dash) pen keyboard tung-ah “Alt” key na meek khit teh, khah nai lo-in, keypad tung-ah 0150 meek lecin, kingah hi. En-dash pen Hyphen zah nih dektak-in sau hi. Tu-a pen computer keyboard zatna hi. Typewriter keyboard tung-ah En-dash na deih leh hyphen nih khen in.
“–“ (En-dash) pen a huam (range) genna-in kizangh hi.
Gentehna:
1960–1980
(a) From 1960 to 1980
1960 pan 1980 ciang/dong
From 1960-1980 [wrong]
1960–1980 ciang [maan lo]

(b) Between 1960 and 1980
1960 le 1980 kikaal
Between 1960-1980 [wrong]
(c) In 1960 through 1980
(3) “—“ (Em-dash) pen keybaord tung-ah “Alt” key na meek khit teh, khah nai lo-in, keypad tung-ah 0151 meek lecin, kingah hi. Em-dash pen En-dash zah nih dektak, hyphen zah li dektak sau hi.
Em-dash pen Sia Khampu’ dotna tawh kisai khol lo ahih manin, gen dah ni.
8. “.” (Period /ˈpɪərhttp://sp.dictionary.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/luna/thinsp.pngihttp://sp.dictionary.com/dictstatic/dictionary/graphics/luna/thinsp.pngəd/ or Full Stop /fʊl stɒp/) thu gen ni.
(1) “.” (Period) pen, a tung-a “/” (Slash) le “-” (Hyphen) le “–“ (En-dash) bangmah-in, simmal khenna-in kizangh hi.

Gentehna:
Phone Number: 770.875.2174
Date: 1.12.2011 (January 12, 2011) [American System]
Date: 12.1.2011 (January 12, 2011) [British System]
(2) “.” (Period) pen, title (Taang, Mister., Doctor.), degree (Master of Arts, Master of Education, Doctor of Philososphy), kipawlna (United Nations Organization, Association of Southeast\Asian Nations) cihte a kitomlaak ciangin, kizangh hi.

Gentehna:
Kammal (Word) Patna Laimal (Letter) le Kammal Tawpna Laimal a Kizangh Tomlaakna:
Taang = Tg.
Mister = Mr.
Doctor = Dr.
Corporal = Cpl.
Kammal Patna Laimalte a Kizangh Tomlaakna:
Master of Arts = M.A.
Doctor of Jurisprudence = D.J.
United Nations Organization = U.N.O.

Kammal Patna Lam-a Laimalte a Kizangh Tomlaakna:
Reverend = Rev.
Captain = Capt.
Colonel = Col.
Professor = Prof.
A Aw A Suak Thei Ding-a a Kibawl Tomlaakna
Central Teaty Organization = CENTO (no longer in existence)
United States Central Command = CENTCOM (Midle East, especially Iraq and Afghanistan)
United States European Command = EUCOM
(3) American System-ah period kizangh hamtang zawdeuh-a, Bristish System-ah period kihah zat lo hi.

Gentehna:

American System: B.A., B.S., Dr., M.D., Rev., Tg., Mr.
British System: BA, BS, Dr, MD, Rev, Tg, Mr
(4) US-ah zong period a kizat lohna tampi om hi.
Gentehna:

Cable News Network = CNN
Microwave Communications, Inc. = MCI
America on Line = AOL
(5) “Revd.” pen nidangin kitam zat ngei khol lo hi. “Rev.” kitam zat zaw hi.
9. A kibang pha lo, ahih hang-in, a maan vive ahi thute tawh kisai-in, i zat khat pen, zat suaksuak (consistently) ding ahi hi. Gentehna-in, C.N.N. ci-a ka gelh leh, C.N.N. ka cih suak ding hi-a, paragraph nihna khawng-ah CNN ka cih loh ding, ahi hi. CNN ci-a ka gelh leh lah, CNN ka cih suak ding hi-a C.N.N. ka cih loh ding, ahi hi.

Simsuak nuam lai leh...

ORTHOGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS.

Vowels. Examples.

a= sound of "u" in sprung ... Iam, a road

a= " 'a" far ... Iam, a dance.

e= " "e" bet ... bek, only.

e= " "ay" day ... de, want.
i= " ' i" kick ... kik, again.

i= " "ee" knee ... ni, two.

o= " "o" mock ... vok, a pig.

o= " "o" no ... no, small.

u= " "oo" look ... luk, six.

u= " "o" too ... htu, affair.

ai= " " ie" lie ... lai, a letter.

au= " "ow" cow ... hkau, rope.

oi= " "oy" coy ... koi, bent.

aw= " "au" maul ... mawl, blunt.

[Note - 'aw' is a lengthened form of the sound of ''o" in mock.]


CONSONANTS.

b as in English. n as in English.

d " ng "

h " p "

k " s "

l " t "

m "

("k," "l," "m," "p," and "t" as initial letters are often aspirated and in that case are represented thus:- 'hk," "hl,"

"hm," "hp," "ht,' )
v and w as in English. At the beginning of the word they are very often interchangeable though "v" is the more commonly heard, cf. the imperative particle in "pai vun" or pai wun" go.
y and z as in English. Iitially these two letters are interchangeable in most words and the more commonly heard in any particular case has been adopted cf. "zagn sak hi," "yawng sak hi," to annoy.
zh has no exact equivalent in English. It is a very soft, slight buzzing sound approximating to the "z" sound in English "azure" or the French "j," e.g. "zhi" a wife, "zhui" to follow.
ch a peculiar sound which has no equivalent in English. It occurs at the beginning of the word or syllable and may be followed by 'e" "i' or 'i". The nearest approximantion to it in English is the "ch" of "chip". To bring out, however, the peculiar value of the Siyin sound, change the "ch" into "ty" and compare the two- chip,tyip. The Siyin sound is midway between, ie. avery slightly sibilant "ch".
For the following reasons i have decided in favour of the 'ch' spelling :- (I) the combination 'ch" is already familiar to Englishmen whereas "ty' (initial) is not. (II) The correcsponding equivalent in Kamhau, the other main dialect of the Northern Hills, is "sh" and the "ch" spelling seems to show more clearly the etymological kinship of the two, cf. Siyin "ching" and Kamhau "shing' wood.
Note:- A final consonant occasionally alters under the influence of the initial consonant of the following word or syllable,for the sake of euphony or facility of pronunciation, e.g. hong dong hi, to ask; hong dotchiangina, when asked. Nuam hi, to desire; nuapna, a desire. Man hi, to catch; amatpa, one who catches.

GRAMMAR.
The following is an outline of the grammatical rules exemplified in the Siyin Dialect, but it should be noted from the outset that the tendency of the Chin mind is towards the utmost simplicity and provided that the meaning is clear, a good many of the grammatical distinctions notified, may be omitted in current speech.

THE ARTICLE.
There is neither a definite nor indefinite article.
" The book" is translated "laibu" book; or the, demonstrative adjective "hi," "hishia," "this" or "hia," "hiashia," "that" may be used. "Hishia lai bu," this book.
"A" or "an" is rendered by the numerical hkat" one, e.g. " Laibu hkat," one book or a book.

NOUNS.
Nouns are proper or common and have case, number and gender.
The verbal root is occasionally used by itself as a noun, e.g. Lam hi. to dance; lam,a dance, tun hi, to wrap up; tun a parcel. But the more common form is obtained by the addition of the prefix "a" and a suffix of which three are in very frequent use- "pa" indicating the agent or doer of the action; "shia," the recipient of the result of the action or forming an abstract noun, e.g kap hi, to shoot; akappa, the person who shoots and akapshia (pron. akashia), the person shot. Hteam hi, to deceive; ahteampa, the deceiver, and ahteamshia, the person deceived. Chiem hi, to promise; chiemna, apromise. Maw hi, to be guilty; mawna, guilt. Kipan hi, begin; akipatna, beginning (notice change).
Note:- "pa" may also be used instead of "shia" in which case the "length" of the verbal root is slightly shortened in order to obviate confusion between the agent and the recipient. It is safer to use "shia."

CASE.
There are no case endings, except "ina" for the nominative and even this is frequently omitted. The Dative, Locative, Ablative and Instrumental are indicated by prepositions placed after the noun as follows:-
Dative a= to (used with places and things).
muna= to (used only with persons).

Locative a= at

sunga= in

kunga= near, by.

Ablative pan,pana= from.
Instrumental taw = with, by means of.
The Genitive and the Accusative take no case sign at all.

Examples.
Ui a tai hi. = The dog runs.
Hi shia ching haw a vum hi. = The bark of the tree is black.
Ama ching hkhat a hpuk yo hi. = He felled a tree.
Na hkua a na chia in = Return to your village.
Ama muna pai tan = Go to him.
Dimlo a ke tam tu hi = I shall halt at Dimlo.
Ama in sunga a om hi = He is in the house.
Kema Dimlo pan hong chia hi = I have returned from Dimlo.
Ama inhka kunga a ding hi = He stands at the door.
Nam taw sat in = Cut it with a knife.

Explanatory notes on above Examples.
Ui, dog; a, he; tai (verb root), run; hi, sign of Present Indicative:
Hishia,this; ching, wood; haw, bark; a, it; vom hi, is black (vum - adjective or verb root -hi. sign of Present Indicative).
Ama, he; ching, tree; hkat, a or one; a,he;hpuk,(verb root),fell; yo hi, sign of Past Indicative.
Na, your; khua, village;a ,to; na,you; chia (verb root), return; in, sign of Imperative.
Ama,him; muna, to; pai (varb root); go; tan, sign of Imperative
Dimlo a, at Dimlo; ke, i ; tam (verb root) halt; tu hi, sign of Future Indicative.
Ama, he

NUMBER.
The plural is formed by the addition of "te" which, in the case of the Nominative, is inserted between the root and the ending "ina," e.g chingte, chingteina, trees.
Nouns, used with numerals, collective, nouns and nouns expressing weight or measure omit the plural ending, e.g.-
Mihing htum = three men.
Shiel hun ni = two herd of mithun.
Tangzik seau li = four baskets of millet.
Mihing, men; htum, three.
Shiel, mithun; hun, herd ; ni, two.
Tangzik, millet; seau, basket; li , four.
With names of animals and birds the "te" is also commonly omitted, e.g_
Sai om ngawl hi. = There are no elephant.
Vapi tam mama hi = Tragopan are very plentiful.
Sai elephant; om (verb root), be; ngawl, not; hi, sign of Present Indicative.
Vapi, tragopan; tam hi, are many (tam, adjective or verb root, hi, sign of Present Indicative) mama, very.

GENDER.
Gender follows sex, the suffixes, "pa," "tang', "htal" and "bal" being used to denote males and "nu," 'pui" and "la" females. These are used as follows:-

Feminine

Masc. Mature. Immature.

Human beings ... Pa Nu Nu
Larger wild animals ... Tang Pui La
Smaller wild animals ... Htal Pui La
Domestic animals ... Htal Pui La
Birds .... Bal Pui Pui
Fish Sex not distinguished.



Example

Master = Topa Tonu Tonu
Elephant = Saitang Saipui Saipui
Barking deer = Sahki htal Sakhi pui Sakhi la
Mithun = Shiel htal Shiel pui Shiel la
Pheasant = Valik bal Valik pui Valik pui.

The following irregularities may be noted:-

Horse ..... Siphu pa Siphu nu Siphu nu
Siphu tal Siphu pui Siphu la

Pig ..... Vok pa Vok pui Vok hkiel
Vok htal

Fowl ...... Ak lui Ak pui Ak la

Any of the above endings prefixed by the letter "a" man be used as seperate words to denote male or female. e.g-
Sai na kap yo ziam? Ahtal hkat ke kap hi = Did you shoot an elephant? I shot a male.
In some cases the masculine and feminine are denoted by different words, e.g. Tangval, bachelor; ngaknu, spinster; pasal, husband; zhi, wife.

ADJECTIVES.
These are taken directly from the root of the verb and may be placed either before or after the noun; it before, they are prefixed by “a”.
Examples.

Mihing hpa = A good man.
Ahpha mihing
Hkwi naw-I htuk
Ahtuk hkwi nawi = Sour milk.


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
The comparison of adjective is denoted by “sang” “thar,” following the word with which the comparison is made, and “zaw” “more,” placed after the root of the verb.”

Example.

Hiashia in sang hishia a lien zaw hi. = This house is larger than that one.
The superlative is made by adding “bil,” “very,” “most,” to the simple adjective.

Example.
Hishia a hpa bel hi = This is best.
Alienbil chingkuang hong in = Open the largest box.

The comparative pharse “as…as” is rendered as follows:-
Hishial le hishia asauna ki bang hi. = This is as long as that.
“Asauna,” a noun formed from “sau hi,” to be long.
The phrase “not so … as” may be similarly translated thus:-
Hishia le hiashia asauna ki bang ngawl hi. = This is not so long as that. (This and that are not the same length.)
But this form is rarely used and the Chin would make an affirmative statement in preference (see comparative above). Hiashia hishia sang a tom zaw hi = That is shorter than this.

DEMONSTATIVE.
The forms “hi” or hishia,” this and “hia” or “hiashia,” that are used for both singular and plural and may be placed either before or after the noun. In the latter case the adjective in the plural takes the “te” instead of the noun.

Example.
Hi (hishia) mihing= this man. Hi(hishia) mihing te = these men.
Mihing hi (hishia) Mihing hi te (hishia te)

POSSIVE.
Singular. Plural.

Ke,kema … My Ko, koma … Our.
Na, nang, nang ma … Your No, noma … Your

Ama … His,her,its Amate … Their

Examples.

Ke sipu = My pony Ko sipute = Our ponies.
Na laibu = Your book No laibute = Your books.
Ama ui = His (her) dog Amate uite = Their dogs.

INTEROGATIVE.

Bang? … what?
Bangbang? … What kind of a?
Koi, koishia ? … Which?

Examples.
Bang nasep na vawt ziam? = What work are you doing?
Bangbang nasep na vawt ziam = What kind of work are you doing?
Koishia laibu a de ziam? =Which book does he want?
Koi hkua pan? = From which village?

INDEFINITE.

Aheap ... Some
Atam
Atampi ... Many
Avekpi
Atheampo
Avaikhua ... All.
Adang ... Another, others.

Examples.
Ching aheap hong la tan = Bring some wood.
Suang atam ke de hi = I want many stones.
Mihing teampo sam in = Call all the men.
Laibu adang hong pia tan = Give me the other (another) book.

Note :- With the above Indefinite Adjective the nouns drops tha plural sign.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
Cardinal -

1. Hkat 11. Sawm le hkat.
2. Ni 12. Sawm le Ni
3. Htum 19. Sawm le Kua.
4. Li. 20. Kul ( sawm ni.)
5. Nga 21. Sawm ni le hkat.
6. Luk. 30. Sawm htum
7. Sali. 100. Za hkat.
8. Liet. 101. Za hkat le hkat.
9. Kua. 111. Za le sawm le hkat.
10. Sawm 200. Za ni.

1000. Tul hkat.

1923. Tul hkat le za kua le kul le htum.



NOTE :- "Kul," twenty and "toi hkat," are often used instead of the more regular forms of "sawm ni" and "za hkat."
Ordinal._ There are no ordinal numbers, the cardinal form serving both purpose but " first" and "last" are expressed by "maisa" (before) and ' "nunghkakbil" (lit, most behind) and "next' by " azum".
Examples.

Amaisa pa hong pai tahen = Let the first man come.
Azum sam in = Call the next.
Anunghkakbil pa a kua ziam? = Who is the last man?

Distributive._ The distributive idea is expressed by "tek" or, "veu" following the cardinal number -one each = hkat tek, hkat veu, or hkat tek veu, e.g.
Amate dangka peak hkat tek (veu) pia in = Give them one rupee each. Similarly "two each," "ni tek," 'ni veu" " ni tek veu," " Every other" is " hkat hal,"; "Every other two," Every other three," " ni hal," htum hal," e.g, Ni hkat hal hong pai tan _ Come every two other day.

Fractions _ These are expressed by means of the word "hken," a " division" or ' seau" a "basket," except in the case of " a half" which is translated by " alang" or "lang."

Examples.
Hken htum sua hken hkat =1/3(one division out of three)
Seau nga sunga seau ni =2/5 (two baskets in five)
Alang hong pia tan = Give me half.
Dai ni taw dai lang = 2 1/2 Miles.

PROUNOUNS.
Any attributive adjective may be converted into a pronoun by the addition of "shia," e.g., "ano," little, " anoshia," a little one; " anoshiate,' little ones.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Singular. Plural.
Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem,
Ke, kema ... I Koma,komate,kote ... We
Na,nang, nangma ... Thou(you) Noma,nomate,note ... You.
Ama ... He,she,it Amate ... They.

These follow the same rule as nouns, and, if used in the nominative case, take the ending "ina," especially if there is a personal object in the sentence and ambiguity might arise, e.g.
Nangma ina ama na pia tu hi. = You will give it to him.
Amateina patangno a sat hi = They beat the boy.

REFLEXTIVE.
The reflextive pronoun is formed by placing "mama" after the personal pronoun, the latter being in most cases contracted as follows:-

Singular. Plural.

Kemama ... I myself Komama ... We ourselves.
Nangmama ... You yourself Nomama ... You yourselves.
Amama ... He himself Amatemama ... They themselves.

The Burmese word (kodaing) (pron. "kodaing" in Chin) is very frequently used in place of "mama: in which case the longer form of the personal pronoun is employed, e.g. "kema kodaing," "nangma kodaing," etc.

POSSIVE.
These are the same as the Personal Pronouns except that the shortened forms "ke" and "na" are not used.
Examples.

Hishia nangma a hi hi. = This is yours.
Ke ma ama sang a hpa zaw hi. = Mine is better than this.

DEMONSTRATIVE.
Singular Plural.

Hi, hishia ... This Hite, hishiate ... These.
Hia, hiashia ... That Hiate, hiashiate ... Those.

Examples.
Hishia a hpa hi. = This is good.
Hite bang la tan, hiashiate ke de bong. = Bring these, i don't want those.

INTERROGATIVE.

Akua ? ... Who, whose, whom?
Koishia ? ... Which?
Abang? ... What?
Abangbang? ... What kind?
These forms are used for both singular and plural.

Examples.
Akua om ziam? = Who is there?
Hishia in akua ziam? = Whose house is this?
Akua na mu ziam ? = Whom do you see?
Koishia na de zaim ? = Which do you prefer?
Abang na vawt ziam ? = What are you doing ?
Sumvawt sunga abang bang na le ziam? = What kind of things did you buy in the bazaar?

RELATIVE.

There are no relative pronouns, but the difficulty is over-come by means of a participial phrase ending in 'shia" e.g.
A tai pa shia a ngilo hi ..... These man, who ran away, is a rascal.
Inn a kang pa shia, Mete a tai yo hi ... The man, whose house was burnt, has migrated
( run away) to Manipur.
Kema ke sat patangngote shia a hkua a a chia yo hi ... The boys, Whom i beat, have returned to their village.

INDEFINITE.
These are the same as the Indefinite Adjectives.

VERBS.
There are no inflextions. The various tenses are distinguished buy the use of special words "hi" present, " yo hi' past, " tu hi" future. The "yo" and the "tu" are frequently omitted if the meaning is otherwise quite clear. There are no other Indicative tenses. In declining the verb, a double pronoun is used, first the full followed by the shortened form immediately in front of the verb, e.g., kema ke, nangma na, etc.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Singular. Plural.

Kema ke vawt hi ... I work Koma ke vawt hi. ... We work
Nangma na vawt hi ... You work Noma na vawt hi. ... You work.
Ama a vawt hi. ... He work Amate a vawt hi. ... They work.
The progressive form is expressed by "lai," "yet" or 'still," e.g., " Kema ke vawt lai hi," I am working.

INDICATIVE PAST.

Singular Plural.
Kema ke vawt yo hi. = I worked or have worked Koma ke vawt yo hi. = We worked or have worked.

INTERROGATION.
This is expressed by "ziam" Placed at the ent of the sentence, the "hi" of the tense sign being dropped. The order of the words remains unchanged.

Examples.
Kema ke pai tu ziam? = Shall i go?
Nang ma na vawt yo ziam? = Have you done it?
Tuni amate hong hteng tu ziam/ = Will they arrive today?

CONDITIONAL.
The conditional is made by "le" or "lete" "if", "bua le" or "lua lete," ( commonly pronounced "bale," balete,") "if not," placed after the verb, e.g.
Nangma na pai le, kema zong ke pai tu hi. = If you go, i shall go too.
Ama amunlangina hong pai bale, kema ke ngak ngawl tu hi. = If he does not come quickly i shall not wait.

IMPERATIVE.
Singular Plural.
Kema hong vawt sak tan = Let me work Koma hong vawt sak tan. = Let us work.
Vawt in = Work Vawt un
Vawt tan Vawt vo = Work

Vawt tav
Ama a vawt tahen = Let him work Amate a vawt tahen (or) tavo = Let them work.

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE.

Singular Plural.
Vawt heakin = Do not work Vawt heakvun = Do not work

Vawt heakvo
Ama vawt heak hen = Do not let him work. Amate vawt heak hen = Do not let them work.

INDICATIVE FUTURE.

Singular Plural.
Kema ke vawt tu hi. = I shall work Koma ke vawt tu hi. = We shall work.

etc.. etc..


NEGATION.
In the foregoing Indicative tenses negation is expressed by "ngawl" placed after the verb root, e.g.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.
Kema ke vawt ngawl hi. I do not work, or am not working. Koma ka vawt ngawl yo hi. We have not worked.
The negative Past Indicative is very seldom used, the present form being used instead.

FUTURE INDICATIVE
Kema ke vawt ngawl tu hi. = I shall not work. Koma ka vawt ngawl tu hi. We shall not work.
Here, too, the Present may be used instead, if the meaning is evident from the context.
"Bo" and "bong" are also negative words, but they can be used finally only, the tense signs "hi",' yo hi" and "tu hi" being dropped. They are more emphatic than " ngawl," e.g.,
" Hi bo" is stronger than " Hi ngawl hi," "It is not so."
Kema ke vawt bo = I certainly shall not, or did not, do it.
Ama hong pai ngawl hi, ke um hi. = I do not think he has ( or will ) come.
Ama hong pai bong = He certainly has not come.


PARTICIPLES.

There are no real participles, but the root of the verb followed by "shia" supplies the deficiency in both the present and past sense. " In a kang shia" may mean either the " burning house" or " the burnt house," but if a distinction between present and past is necessary,its is shown by the use of an adverb of time, e.g._

Zeni in a kang shia = The house that was burnt yesterday.
Tu laitak in a kang shia = The house now burning.

The Perfect Participles are rendered by "zawkchiangina" (after) and "hangina" Because), e.g._

An na huen zawkchiangina na pai hte tu hi. = Having cooked dinner you may go.
Ka anasep ke man hangina, ke ki kom hi. = Having finished my work i am free.

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSES.
The infinitive of Purpose is denoted by "tu" or "natu" following the verb root, eg. Ngasa shia natu, yingtungtunga ke pai nuam hi = I want to go out early in the morning to fish.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
Transitive verbs are often formed Intransitives by aspirating the initial consonant, e.g.
Kiem hi, to decrease (grow less); hkiem hi, to decrease (make less)
Kawm hi, to collect ( come together); Hkawm hi, cellect (bring together).

VERBAL AFFIXES.
There are a few in frequent use such as " hong," "kong," used before the verb root and "ku" and "shet" after the verb root, which have a definite influnce on the meaning of the simple verb:-
"Hong" implies motion towards, e.g. Pai hi, to go; hong pai hi, to come.
"Kong" implies motion away from the speaker towards the person addressed, e.g.
Kema-ina nangma kong pia tu hi. = I will give it to you.
Kema-ina nangma kong sat tu hi. = I will beat you.
"ku" adds the meaning "secretly" to the verb as "pai hi" to go: "pai ku hi" to go secretly; za hi, to hear; "za ku hi, " to hear secretly. i.e. , overhear. " Tai hi" to run", tai ku hi" to run secretly, to escape.
"Shet" implies completion of the action of the verb, e.g. "Man shet yo" its quite finished. " Amate she shet yo" they are all dead. "Amate pai shet yo" they have all gone.

VERB "TO BE."
"To be" is translated by "om hi" if it means " to exist" other wise by hi hi," e.g.
Sabwe tunga a om hi. ... It is on the table.
Aval om ziam, om ngawl ziam? ... Are there any left, or not?
Om bo. ... There are not any.
Ama a hteng yo hi, hi ngawl ziam? ... He has arrived, has he not?
A hi hi ... Yes,
A hi bo. ... No.
Hishia a hi le, a ma mawna a hi tu hi. .... If this is the case, it will be his fault.

VERB " TO HAVE"
"To have" may be translated by "ne hi" to possess or by the verb " om hi" to be and the dative of the possessor, e.g._
Kema sipu hkat ke ne hi. ... I have (or possess) a pony.
Ama muna nam hkat om hi. ... He has a knife (lit. There is a knife to him.)

AUXILIARY VERBS.
Can ( be able) = "hte hi" after verb root.
Ama vawt hte hi. = He can do it.
Can ( know how to) = "he hi" following the infinitive of purpose.
Ama vawt natu ahe hi. = He knows how to do it.

Cause = "sak hi" after verb root.
Ama vawt sak in = Cause him to do it.

Dare = "nam hi" after verb root.
Ama vawt nam bong = He dare not do it.

Intend = "ngai sun hi" following infinitive of purpose.
Ama a vawt natu a ngai sun hi. = He intends to do it.

Must = "tu nu hi" after the verb root.
Ama vawt tu ni hi = He must do it.

Try = "kin vawt hi" or "ngai sun hi" after infinitive of purpose
Ke pai natu ke kin vawt hi. = I shall try to go.
Ke vawt natu ke ngai sun hi. = I shall try to do it.

Wish = "nuam hi" after verb root.
Ama a vawt nuam hi = He wished to do it.
The following are also used after an infinitive of purpose:-
Fit, suitable entitled to = Ki lom hi.
Easy = ol hi.
Difficult = haksa hi.
Ready, etc. = ki toi hi.

EXAMPLES.
Hi pa hishia anasep vawt natu ki lom ngawl hi. = This man is not fit to do this work.
Kampenpa anasep nga tu ama ki lom hi. = He is suitable for the post of interpreter.
Nangma Kamtung man neak tu ki lom ngawl hi. = You are not entitled to (lit to eat)Chin Hills

Allowance.
Hishia vawt natu a ol hi. = This is easy to do.
A pai natu ki toi hi. = Get ready to go.

ADVERBS.

All adverbs except "kik" again, and the adverbs of negation "ngawl," "bong" "bo" and 'bua" precede the verb root.
Kema hishia kidawmina ke vawt tu hi ... I will do this carefully.
Laitaipa amanlanginna hong pai yo hi. .... The mail runner has come quickly.
An we a koi in ... Put it underneath.
ADVERBS OF MANNER.
The regular ending for adverbs of manner is "ina," though colloquially the "ina" is often droped, e.g. "damno," "damna-ina' "slowly."
Most of the adverbs of manner are merely adjectives or verb roots with the "ina" added, e.g. " kidawm hi," to be careful; "kidawmina," carefully.

ADVERBS OF TIME.
The following are in common use.
Now ... Tumaina,
Then ... Tuazawkchiangina.
Before ... Ma ina,
After ... Zawkchiangina.
At once ... Tuma ma.
Sometimes ... Hkat ve ve.
Always ... Abangma hun.
Never ... Abangmahunma.
Again ... Nungsangchiangina.
for examples, see " Simple Sentences.

ADVERBS OF PLACE.
Here = Hilai.
There = Hialai.
Above = atunga.
Below =anwe a
Inside =Asunga
Outside = apuasanga.
Before =amai- a
Behind = anunga
Everywhere = munhkatpapo.
For examples, see "Simple Sentence."

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
As with Adjectives "very" is translated by "bil," "bilbil" or "mama" and the ending "ina" may be either dropped or placed after the affix, e.g. "kidawmina" carefully; :kidawm mama" or "kidawm mama in a" "very" or "most carefully.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS.
When? = Abanghunchiang?
Where/ = Koilai?
Whence? = Koilai pan?
Whither? = Koilai a?
How? = Koibang?
How much? = Abangza?
How many? = Abangza?
Why? = Abanghangina?

For examples, see "simple Sentences."

PREPOSITIONS.
Preposition follow the noun or pronoun which they govern:-
In,inside = Sunga
Out, outside = Puasanga
To(places, things)= A
To (persons) = muna
From = Pan
With = Taw
By, near against =Kunga
On, above = Tunga
Under, below = Nwe-a

INTERJECTIONS.
Some of the most common are as follows:-
Annoyance = A, Hkaik, Tahkaik.
Anxiety = E e e, Ai ai ai.
Astonishment = Kallai, ka de.
Fear = Hoi, he.
Sorrow = Ahe, We we we.

Simsuak nuam lai leh...

Friday, January 14, 2011

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Simsuak nuam lai leh...

လာေရာက္လည္ပတ္မွဳအတြက္ ေက်းဇူး အထူးတင္ရွိပါသည္။